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Key messages

• Approximately, there are 2,100 WtE facilities in 42 countries. They have a treatment

capacity of around 360 million tons of waste per year. Asia and Europe lead the WtE

sector.

• Globally, the WtE feedstock typically reflects the income level of the region. The

higher the income the lower the percentage of organic matter.

• WtE plants are too small to generate large economies of scale. The specific costs of the

adopted technologies are rather high, leading to very capital-intensive facilities.

Consequently, the continuity of operation and revenue from both selling electricity and

waste treatment fee are key considerations.

• Key factors with a significant influence on the integration of the CO2 capture system

with the WtE plant are: the location; the type of CO2 capture system; the feedstock; the

incineration technology; and the installation scenario (i.e. greenfield or retrofit).

• Amine-based chemical absorption is the preferred capture technology on current WtE

facilities. This option, for partial and full CO2 capture, has been considered for the seven

projects identified in this study, based in The Netherlands, Norway, and Japan.

• The first concern with the use of an amine-based chemical absorption system is the flue

gas composition, as amines can be easily degraded in the presence of impurities. For

the integration of this CO2 capture system in WtE facilities the flue gas requires pre

treatment. The chemical handling, spatial integration, and energy supply to cover the

energy requirement for the CO2 capture system are also important factors to consider.

1 The original reference provided the values in tonnes. The following conversion has been used: 1 ton=0.907185

tonne

i• Decisions on the integration of a CO2 capture system with a WtE facility, or a district

heating scheme (if existing), and with the transport, and storage or use of the CO2, will

depend on the specific location or region amongst other techno-economic aspects.

• In this study, ten regions were selected for the analysis of the market potential of CCUS

in the WtE sector: South Africa, USA, India, Japan, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands,

UK, Norway, and Australia (see Table 6).

• A review of the regulatory frameworks in these countries was carried out to highlight

and compare different schemes. European Emission Level Values (ELVs) at the WtE

stack were identified as more stringent compared to the USA (California) and Japan,

while Australia and South Africa are similar. Indian thresholds are slightly higher

compared to the EU countries.

• These ten regions were analysed under eight proposed criteria (opportunity for

CCS/CCU; possible integration with district heating; local CO2 emission factors for

power and heat generation; CCUS regulation and carbon pricing mechanisms for WtE;

diffusion of WtE; social acceptance of WtE and CCUS; WtE regulation: NOx and SOx

emission limits; and average WtE plant size). Under these criteria, the USA, The

Netherlands, and Germany showed the highest relative market potential, while Japan,

Norway, and UK also have relatively good capability. India presented the lowest

relative potential due to the lack of environmental policies related to CO2 capture in

WtE facilities.